public static int numFives (double[] list) {
    int i = 0;
    int result = 0;



    while (i < list.length) {
      if (list[i] == 5) {
        result++;
      }
      i = i + 1;
    }
    return result;
  }

For [5,11,5,5], the loop values (line 17) are

// list==[5,11,5,5], i==0, result==0
// list==[5,11,5,5], i==1, result==1
// list==[5,11,5,5], i==2, result==1
// list==[5,11,5,5], i==3, result==2
// list==[5,11,5,5], i==4, result==3

More abstractly:

// list[i..]==[5,11,5,5], result==0
//   list[i..]==[11,5,5], result==1
//      list[i..]==[5,5], result==1
//        list[i..]==[5], result==2
//         list[i..]==[], result==3

This is a while loop.

Execution enters the loop without first checking to see if it is necessary.